APRIL 6 th :
Ludi Circenses ( quarters ) Certamen Historicum 3 Certamen Latinum 3
__________________________________
LUDI CIRCENSES ( quarters ) :
Presented by : Aula Tullia Scholastica
Caius Curius Saturninus - races calculations
It¹s a lovely, warm
spring day here in Rome, perfect for the Ludi and the impressive pompa, or
procession, which precedes them. The rising sun is
shining brightly and there's hardly a cloud in the sky. A gentle breeze
rustles the tender young leaves; flowers fill the early morning air with
their heady spring fragrances as birds sing sweetly--but as far as the human
population is concerned, all of this is to little avail, for the attention
of Rome is focused not on the world of nature, but on the world of men, and the
chariot races which stir the hearts of Romans.
It seems that all Rome is headed toward the Circus Maximus for these chariot
races, the first Ludi of the new year, which feature chariot races,
the Megalenses, held in honor of the Great Mother of the Gods. The air
crackles with so much excitement that one would almost think that the sky
was black and cleft with the Thunderer's bolts. Crowds throng to the
Circus with ever-quickening pace, here and there a flash of the racing factions'
colors showing as the single-minded throng hastens, jostling one another as they
rush to get good seats--or indeed, any seats at all, for the latecomers
may not be so fortunate.
By way of background for our many new citizens and visitors to our magnificent
City (whom we welcome most warmly!) as well as our radio
listeners, let me, you correspondent, A. Tullia Scholastica, explain that the
Circus Maximus, the site of these races, is nestled in a valley between
two hills, the Aventine and the Palatine, where once our ancestors sat on the
hillsides watching such races run on a simple sandy track. Now,
however, we Romans have built this magnificent structure, the Circus Maximus,
one truly worthy of our greatness, and that of our engineers. It
has starting gates, or carceres, on one end and an arch on the other, surrounded
by tiered seats, the cavea; the lowest tier is marble, the next
wooden, and the uppermost, simple stands. In its center is the formidable
spina, adorned with statues of gods and men as well as other monuments.
Round the spina the chariots must turn, and not a few chariots and charioteers
have met their doom there, taking the turn too closely or
swinging too far out as another chariot tries to hug the backbone of the track.
The racers themselves belong to one of four factions: albata, or white,
russata, or red, praesina, (pale) green, and veneta, blue. Each faction
has
its own stables, complete with veterinarians and grooms, and its own intensely
devoted partisans. The agitatores or aurigae, the charioteers,
are often slaves or freedmen, but highly popular, highly prized, and highly
paid. They risk their lives garbed in little more than tunics of the
faction's color and light helmets, a dagger stuck in their belt to sever the
reins they wrap around their waists if needed. Often the races alternate
between bigae, two horse chariots, and quadrigae, four horse chariots, but today
we will have only quadrigae, and none too many of those, sad to say.
Still, I think you'll enjoy our program, especially since all four racing
factions are represented in our quarter-final races today.
In the first heat, or missus, we have the Love Chariot, representing
Albata, Windchaser, representing Veneta, and Celeres, wearing the
Red; in the second heat, the fearsome Green Velociraptor will meet the
Blue Portus Victoriae and the Red Mercurius Visucius; in the third and final
heat
of the quarter-finals, Albata's practiced Ars Longa, Praesina's experienced
Stella Iudaeae, and Russata's Aprilis will compete.
At last, everyone seems to have found a place, but the Circus is a long remove
from quiet; the crowd buzzes with excitement and anticipation,
awaiting the procession, the pompa, and the start of the races. The doors
of the procession gate, the Porta Pompae, swing open; the trumpeters, led by
a redhead said to be affiliated with Legio III of Nova Britannia Provincia,
signal the start of the procession. Aediles curules T. Iulius Sabinus and
C. Equitius Cato (the latter a man with a near-fanatical devotion to calendars;
if he didn't belong to some strange religious cult, he could have
been considered for the pontificate and become an advisor to the pontifices on
calendrical matters), both most impressive in their triumphal garb of
Tyrian purple, ride around the course in an elegant chariot drawn by Aedilis
Cato's favorite steed, Nicomachus; Praetores T. Octavius Ahenobarbus Pius
and Ti. Galerius Paulinus follow them, who in turn precede Consules C. Fabius
Buteo Modianus and Pompeia Minucia Strabo. When they reach the
pulvinar, the magistrates' skybox on the Palatine side of the Circus, they
dismount and make their way to their curule chairs, joining the other
dignitaries and acknowledging the cheers of the crowd. Another contingent
of trumpeters fills the air with their playing, then acrobats and dancers
follow. Next, a much more serious-looking vexillation of soldiers from
Legio XXIV under the command of wise and faithful Centurio Gallio Velius
Marsallas circles the track, drilling in perfect order (and reminding the
spectators that they, too, must keep in order), saluting the magistrates in
the pulvinar as they pass. To lighten the somber military mood, desultores,
acrobatic riders who leap from one horse to another and perform other feats
as they ride, make their entrance and entertain the crowd with an appetizer for
the day's festivities. Next, plaustra, or carts, carrying images of the
Gods follow, statues crafted by the finest artists anywhere in the world. They
are robed in the finest fabrics colored with the most exquisite (and
expensive...) dyestuffs, and woven by weavers whose skill is second only to that
of Minerva Herself, a worthy tribute to Those Who Made Us Great. Close
behind are the tensae, litters bearing still more images of the Gods, equally
impressive; as each is borne to its place (the highest of all
reserved today for the Mother of the Gods),
Senior Consul and Pontifex Modianus,
to whom the curule aediles have graciously given the honor of
presiding over these Ludi, honors the deity it represents with an offering of
incense and a libation.
Finally, the competitors for today's races emerge, ranged according to the order
in which they will race. First is Tribunus Plebis M. Horatius
Piscinus' chariot, Celeres, wearing Russata (this provokes a hiss from some in
the crowd, for they recall the events of a few years ago when a number of
assassinations, notably of Praesina drivers, were charged to various members of
the Red Faction; he, however, was away at the time, and had no part in
this foul business); his chariot is decorated with several sculptures of fish
(they must be salmones if he's representing Russata...) and packed with
medicinal herbs, in which he has expert knowledge; his driver, Romulus, has
fittingly drawn the lot which assigns him to the carcer, or starting gate
compartment, marked with the zodiacal sign of Pisces. Next, the Veneta
faction representative, Windchaser, makes its tour of the track; driven by
Maximus and pulled by elegant and spirited steeds, it creates quite a bit of
excitement as it passes the pulvinar, for it is owned by one of the
Vestales, Maxima Valeria Messallina, who has had it specially decorated with
beautiful bluish violets. Equally appropriately, Maximus has drawn the lot
assigning him to the Sign of Virgo. Naturally, all of the sacred maidens
back their colleague's entry, and are much more excited than usual about the
outcome of today's races...Last in this, the first group, comes The Love
Chariot, owned by Diana Octavia Aventina, a former priestess of Venus, a
Goddess who could hardly be more different from the Goddess of the Hearth.
Former Tribuna Plebis and Sacerdos Veneris Aventina's lovely white chariot
is adorned with roses, camellias, and all manner of elegant blossoms--and
curiously enough, it is packed with them as well, brought from lands with
more southerly climes. Nestled amid these and bundles of marjoram and
other sweet aromatic herbs are what appear to be perfume jars, little greenish
Corinthian ware vessels, tightly corked. Whatever could she want with
THOSE during a race? True, the driver, Latina Harmonia, IS a woman, but
what
earthly use could there be for such things during a race? It's said that
Diana Octavia recently returned from a trip to Greece; from the looks of
things, she must have spent a fortune buying out the Corinthian perfume industry
(well, those Greeks DO need perfume--they don't bathe every day as
WE do)...
Now that the contestants for the first heat have finished their tour, they
retire, and the second group emerges to take their round. Mercurius
Visucius is first to take his place, another Russata factio chariot, owned by
the propraetor of Gallia Provincia, Sex. Apollonius Scipio, and driven by
fellow-Gaul Ambiorix (no question about HIS nationality, now is there?). Next
come Portus Victoriae, racing for Veneta, belonging to the celestial Q.
Fabius Uranicus and driven by Ursus, an appropriately-named bear of a man well
able to manage the four dark bay Asturcon horses, a small, but nervous
breed, as well as a strong and powerful one. Last in this group is the
bearer of the leek-green Praesina tunic, the ever-flexible Spandex the
Vandal, his long braids flying (I think they're even longer than mine...), at
the helm of the feared Velociraptor, owned by the multilingual C. Aurelia
Falco Silvana, whose sturdy Sarmatian steeds are quite inured to all kinds of
weather, having been specially trained in mud and heavy snow; they have
also been fed a secret diet to build their strength. Word has it that
Spandex and his owner have cooked up some unusual tricks as well, so we may
expect some surprises somewhere along the line.
In turn, the contenders for the second missus retire, and the last group makes
its way onto the track: first is Stella Iudaeae, another Praesina
entry, owned by Aedilis Plebis and former Tribuna Plebis M. Hortensia Maior,
driven by Herodias, a Nabataean woman. Somewhat unexpectedly, her chariot
is painted pure white, with a sun sending forth its rays; white, too, are the
four horses which will pull her chariot. Next is Aprilis, yet another
Russata chariot, owned by the very youthful (but evidently wealthy) T. Iulius
Sabinus Crassus (could he be related to our Aedilis Curulis?) and
driven by him as well; lastly, the final chariot, one well known to the
onlookers: Ars Longa, owned by Censor Cn. Equitius Marinus and driven by
the astute Petronius Gnipho, representing Factio Albata. There's no lack
of talent here, though the field is perhaps disappointingly small; there's
plenty of excitement, and I suspect that the more practiced drivers in
particular have some tricks up their sleeves, so to speak, which will
surprise us all.
The chariots for the third missus now make their way back to the Porta Pompae
for a rest and some final preparations, while those for the first
missus head for the carceres. Celeres and Windchaser go into their
allotted gates easily enough, and wait patiently, but Latina Harmonia, the
driver of The Love Chariot, is making quite a fuss about something. Whatever
could be the problem? Oh, now it's clear...she's none too pleased
with her gate assignment, for she has drawn the lot for (of all things...) the
zodiacal sign of Libra. Oh, well, neither Latina nor her owner may like
Libra politics, but that's the luck of the draw today...and there's quite a bit
of buzzing and tittering about this amid some mirth in parts of the
senatorial section and the pulvinar as well.
While Latina Harmonia is protesting to the track officials, let me just point
out that the races are all seven laps long, each of which is marked by
turning an egg or dolphin marker, and that the total course is much longer than
races elsewhere; those seven laps, or spatia, cover about four miles,
and a lot can happen in those four miles.
Finally, the track attendants have convinced Latina Harmonia that, like it or
not, today she must start from the Libra gate; Consul C. Fabius Buteo
Modianus rises, and a hush falls over the crowd. His colleague, Consul
Pompeia Minucia Strabo, seems a bit anxious; perhaps she's concerned that
she might have to use some of the numerous bandages and medicines she has had
her slaves bring to the pulvinar. Censor Marinus is relaxed for the
moment, resplendent in his gorgeous (and incredibly expensive) toga picta; as I
mentioned earlier, he, too, has a chariot which will race today, but
its turn will come later. Senior Praetor T. Octavius Ahenobarbus
Pius sits calmly, the gentle breeze toying with his fair hair and red beard,
while his
colleague, T. Galerius Paulinus, turns to an attendant, who is writing something
down on a wax tablet (could he be making a bet?), then summons a
vendor so he can buy some tasty honeyed glires (dormice) prepared by the
esteemed Merlinia Ambrosia, before directing his attention to the races,
while aediles curules T. Iulius Sabinus and C. Equitius Cato hope that the vast
sums they have expended on these Ludi will not be wasted despite the
comparatively small field of contestants. The Vestales are on edge, too,
for their colleague's chariot, Windchaser, will run in the very first heat...
Consul Modianus waves the gleaming white mappa; all eyes turn toward him.
Mappa manu consulis decidit (the mappa falls from the consul's hand);
the attendants drop the rope in front of the carceres...missi sunt!
They're off!
Maximus, driving Windchaser, the Vestal's chariot, and Latina Harmonia, guiding
The Love Chariot, surge out ahead, as Romulus in Celeres seems to be
saving his horses' strength for the final laps; he's maintaining a more
leisurely pace. Maximus is trying to get Windchaser as close to the spina
as possible, but with only two other chariots in the race, he has time to make
his move, and doesn't want to peak too early. Latina has slowed a bit,
too, pouring the entire contents of one of the perfume vials over her hair and
upper body. Under the heap of flowers, she also has something else
stowed away--a whip. She won't need to use it on the horses yet; no need
to press them this early--but perhaps she has something else in mind...Now
they're coming up to the far turn, and all round it safely, heading into the
backstretch. The dolphin is turned as they begin the second lap, yielding
as little ground as possible while sparing the horses for the crucial final
laps. Around the track they gallop, polishing off the third, and then the
fourth, laps in clouds of dust. Now they are in the fifth lap, and the
pace is quickening as they vie for the lead. The whips come out as the
horses
may be tiring just when their best efforts are needed. Windchaser and The
Love Chariot are only about a length apart, while Romulus in Celeres is
rapidly closing. Hooves pounding, they rush furiously into the far turn,
closely bunched, with Windchaser on the inside, The Love Chariot on the
outside, and Celeres trying to work his way between the chariots of the Vestal
and the Love Goddess' quondam sacerdos as another dolphin is turned
and they head into the sixth lap. Latina seems to sense that her horses
are tiring too quickly, but now she can't hold back; she lashes them furiously
while hatching a little plot of her own. Windchaser is pulling well ahead
now with little plying of the whip needed; perhaps it's too late to catch
the Vestal, but Latina can still proceed to the semifinals if she finishes the
race--ahead of the remaining chariot, Celeres, who is now in second
place. Her agents have brought her some useful information...Now they're
approaching the turn into the last lap; Latina pours it on, and crowds
Celeres neck and neck as they head for this crucial maneuver. Again she
douses herself with that pricey Parisian (er, Corinthian) perfume and hurls
armsful of the flowers at Romulus. He slows...oh, no! What's
happening? He can't seem to see! His nose is pouring! *Gasp*
He's hit the spina!
The left wheel has come off of the chariot! He's trying to rein the horses
in; they stop obediently. Consul Po (as everyone calls her) blanches, but
her color returns when she sees that Romulus isn't seriously injured; he grabs
some of the herbs from his chariot and applies them to a scrape or
two. He's shaken up, and only slightly injured, though his hopes for this
race are dashed. Celeres seems to be salvageable, too, albeit out of the
running today. Windchaser and The Love Chariot finish the race in first
and second positions respectively, though Latina's little trick set her back a
good six lengths; both will advance to the semifinals, much to the delight of
the assembled Vestales and the devotees of Venus. One has to wonder,
however, just how former tribuna Aventina's agents found out that Romulus was
violently allergic to pollen and perfume...
Her nursing instincts spur Consul Po to dash onto the track to tend to Romulus'
minor injuries; Piscinus brings more medicinal herbs as well, and
comforts Romulus as they exit the track. The attendants unhitch the horses
from the damaged chariot, and bring them back to the stable; others haul the
chariot off to the Russata stables for repair. The team veterinarians will
look the horses over, too, to make sure that they weren't injured too badly
(one of the funales, or trace horses, does seem to have a nasty scrape), but
there won't be any festive rations for them tonight.
The crowd grows a bit restive again, stretching in their seats or standing up,
busily gossiping and signalling vendors that their appetites
have been whetted for food as well as fun, and they are hungry. The
Vestales are congratulating each other on their victory as Messallina picks
up her cithara (for she is a fine citharist) and plays a sweet song of triumph.
The chariots for the second heat have once again emerged from the
gate, and proceed to the carceres: Russata's Mercurius Visucius, driven by
Ambiorix the Gaul, and owned by Sex. Apollonius Scipio, jogs along at a
deceptively slow pace; Portus Victoriae, a Veneta entrant belonging to Q. Fabius
Uranicus and driven by Ursus, matches their pace, as the feared
leek-green Praesina contender, Velociraptor, property of C. Aurelia Falco
Silvana (as is its terrifying driver, Spandex) dawdles along. They come up
to the carceres, and draw lots: Portus Victoriae goes to the Aquarius
carcer, Velociraptor to Scorpio, and Mercurius Visucius to Taurus. No
quibbling about the allotments THIS time...
Consul Modianus stands; he drops the mappa, and once again, missi sunt currus!
They're off! These experienced drivers, too, are in no hurry to
wear their horses out prematurely. Velociraptor's specially trained and
scientifically-fed Sarmatian steeds pull ahead, but not by much; Portus
Victoriae and Mercurius Visucius lag a bit behind as they round the spina as
closely as they dare; the dolphin is turned as they head into the second lap
as the drivers size one another and their chariots up. Both Spandex and
Ambiorix sneer at the nervous little bays pulling Portus Victoriae; they may
have a bear of a driver, but they're little, and high strung; easily spooked.
It's a wonder they behaved so well in the gate. Still, all keep
up a steady pace, but as the chariots move toward the fourth lap, Velociraptor
starts living up to its name: it's trying to force the others
into the wall, a tactic considerably easier for it as it has a new arrowhead
shape and specially reinforced axles; its horses have been trained in deep
snow and mud, so they can handle such challenges. On the straightaway,
Velociraptor crowds Portus Victoriae, trying to spook those nervous Spanish
stallions, but Ursus has them well under control, and avoids disaster--at least
for the moment. Nonetheless, his safety is purchased at the price of
considerable ground; he's fallen well behind as both of the others have passed
him. He's brought out his whip now, and gains some speed as he plies
it over the backs of his horses...will it be enough? Meanwhile, Mercurius
Visucius is trying to live up to its swift-footed divine namesake, as
Ambiorix lays on the lash during the stretches, even though he's more cautious
when rounding the spina. Velociraptor, however, pulls ahead and
tries to pin Ambiorix to the spina, but he, too, escapes this Germanic tactic,
if not without some loss of time. Pounding down the backstretch
they dash; the dolphin is turned for the sixth lap. Now the pace is
furious, and the dust churned up by the flashing hooves and whirling chariot
wheels almost obscures the chariots from view now and again. When they
emerge in the clear, however, we can see that Velociraptor has indeed taken
the lead. Ambiorix in Mercurius Visucius is several lengths behind, but
closing, while Portus Victoriae's Spanish stallions are a length behind
them. Round the spina again, dangerously close to the wall they rush;
Ambiorix is neck and neck with Spandex (something had flown out of
Velociraptor, however...wonder what that was?) and Portus Victoriae has closed
the gap to less than a length, but there just isn't much time for
Ursus to catch up...His stallions have some reserve nonetheless, and as they go
into the seventh and final lap, he is only a nose behind Mercurius
Visucius. However, Velociraptor's steeds are showing the effects of their
extensive strength training, and have pulled farther ahead; they're a good
three lengths ahead of Mercurius Visucius while Portus Victoriae is less than a
nose behind them, but Ursus just can't seem to get any more out of
his horses; at the finish, Velociraptor takes the lead, Mercurius Visucius is a
close second, and Portus Victoriae a closer third, but only
Velociraptor and Mercurius Visucius will go on to the semifinals. At least
there weren't any accidents...
Once again, the crowd shifts in their seats, beckoning to the vendors. By now
it's warming up, and they want to slake their thirst, their throats
dry from yelling and cheering, as well as enjoy some more of Merlinia Ambrosia's
treats--tasty bits of salmones with a generous helping of garum,
delicious and soothing polenta, fragrant sausages, breads of all sorts; posca
for the thirsty (and could there be some Falernian for sale as well?)...
The chariots for the third and final missus enter the track and proceed to the
carceres at a gentle pace. Censor Marinus shifts to the edge of his
curule chair, looking for something less elegant than his toga picta to wipe
some beads of sweat from his brow as his chariot, Ars Longa, passes the
pulvinar. Aedilis Curulis Sabinus is equally on edge as an impubes whose
name is curiously similar to his own drives by in Aprilis, while Aedilis
Plebis M. Hortensia Maior is equally concerned about the fate of her chariot,
Stella Iudaeae, and shifts her elfin frame nervously in her seat.
This race certainly has created a stir among the magistrates...
The chariots reach the carceres; the drivers draw lots for their gate
assignments. Petronius Gnipho, the driver of Censor Marinus' chariot Ars
Longa (the third by that name!) draws the lot for Aquarius once again; Herodias,
the charioteer of Stella Iudaeae, selects Leo, and the
soprano-voiced T. Iulius Sabinus Crassus draws Gemini. They take their
places in the gate, behind the alba linea; the attendants hold the rope
taut. Consul Modianus glances round the pulvinar, the tension palpable as
two aediles and the current sole censor have chariots in this race. He
lifts the mappa on high...and drops it! Currus missi sunt! They're
off!
Stella Iudaeae and Ars Longa spring from the carceres at a steady pace; the
young Crassus, in Russata's Aprilis, hangs back a bit to save his
horses. It's his very first race, and he's none too sure of himself.
He's drinking it all in, watching the two white chariots, one from the Greens,
one from the Whites, as they canter around the first lap. The dolphin is
turned, and they head into the second lap. Neither Petronius Gnipho, an
old
salt who's raced for Marinus for the last five years in two different chariots,
nor Herodias, a skilled driver not known to spare the lash, is
terribly concerned about young Crassus; he's just a kid, a virgin in equine
parlance, who's never competed in anything, let alone a chariot race.
Should they be worried about him? We'll see...
The two experienced drivers guide their chariots around the course again, neck
and neck but at a constant, unhurried speed; Aprilis is a bit
behind, but not so far that he can't catch up if he simply spurs his horses, big
Romanian stallions which look as though they could pull two such
chariots at once. Again they round the spina, picking up the pace.
The dolphins are turned. Now they're heading into the fifth lap, and
things are
getting serious. Suddenly, Herodias reaches for her whip--and cracks it
not over her horses' backs, but over Petronius Gnipho's head. Luckily, he
had
just turned his head to check the spina, or he would have caught the lash on his
face; as is, his helmet took the blow, and its ringing is giving him a
bit of a headache. Young Crassus looks on, open-mouthed in horror--and
he's not alone. Both Consul Po and Censor Marinus are equally shocked as
they
exchange significant glances with each other and Aedilis Sabinus, the latter of
whom no doubt fervently wishes that this lad Crassus had never set foot
in a racing chariot. He could be next to taste her sting, mused the
Aedilis. Meanwhile, the racers have finished the fifth lap and are on the
straightaway for the sixth; Gnipho has recovered from the shock of the lashing,
and takes a slight lead. Crassus sees that it's time to make his
move; he plies the lash ever so lightly, for he knows that he has an advantage:
weight. He's so young that his chariot weighs less than those
of the others. He somehow pulls ahead of both Ars Longa and Stella Iudaeae.
Amazed, Herodias plies the lash again, this time on the horses. Gnipho is
near enough, however, and skillful enough from his years at sea that he is able
to pull it from her hand; she is knocked off balance momentarily, but
recovers, though not before Ars Longa opens a substantial lead. Worse,
from her perspective, young Crassus is well ahead of her as well when they enter
the seventh and final lap. She has another whip, but not even laying it on
fiercely can return her to her former position; both the practiced Gnipho
and the tiro Crassus defeat her soundly. Both move on to the semifinals,
along with Velociraptor, Windchaser, The Love Chariot, and Mercurius
Visucius. See you at the races the day after tomorrow!
______________________________
CERTAMEN HISTORICUM 3 :
Presented by : Tita Artoria Marcella.
1. Questions :
Question #5:
In the 6th C BCE, a
Scythian noble traveled to Athens and became enamored of the Greek culture. Upon
his return to Scythia he was put to death for performing
rites to Cybele.
The historian Herodotus suggests the killer was none other than his own
brother--the king. What was the slain man's name? (1 pt.)
Question #6
In 2002, archaeologists
in Britain discovered the remains of a 4th C man, dressed as a woman and adorned
with jewelry, that they suspect was a galli--a
priest of the Magna
Mater. Evidence pointing to the presence of the Great Mother's cult in
Britain includes an altar dedicated to Cybele and a bronze
testicular clamp,
probably used during the castration ceremony of the galli. (2 pts.)
a) What was the
(Latin) name of the Roman settlement where the body was found?
b) Which Roman fort
(again, the Latin name) contained the altar to Cybele?
2. Answers :
Question #5:
Anacharsis.
Question #6
a. Cataractonium (modern name -- Catterick)
b. Corstopitum (modern name -- Corbridge)
______________________________
CERTAMEN LATINUM 2 :
Presented by : Cnaeus Cornelius Lentulus.
1. Questions :
Level 1 :
QUAESTIO N°2 - There are different Latin pronunciations according to ages and
territorial differences but scholars usually use today the classical pronunciation of Latin which is the scholarly
deduced pronunciation of the classical Latin, i.e. the Latin language of the 1st
century BC and of the 1st century CE. Please answer the following questions:
according to the classical pronunciation of Latin how do you pronounce these
Latin words:
(You can use any transliteration, just let it be clear according to which you
transcribe the words. I make an exemple: Aeneas = [ai'ne:a:s] or [eye-nay-ahs]
or e.g. in German: [ein-eh-ahs] in Hungarian: [Ájnéász])
Caesar =
maior =
Comitia Centuriata =
ratiocinatio =
proelium =
Cicero =
consequentia =
Level 2 :
QUAESTIO N°2 - Put the following verbs and
nouns from singular to plural and from plural to singular:
dixit -
consuli -
amareris -
esto -
sacra publica -
genus -
fungar -
2. Answers :
Level I :
RESPONSUM N°2 –
Caesar = ['kaisar] - or - [KY -
sahr] etc
maior = [majjor] - or - [MY -
yor] etc
Comitia Centuriata = [ko'mitia
kenturi'a:ta] -or - [koh-MEE-tee-ah / ken-too-ree-AH-tah] etc
ratiocinatio = [ratio:ki'na:tio:]
- or - [rah-tee-oh-kee-NAH-tee-oh] etc
proelium = ['proilium] - or - [PROY-lee-oom]
etc
Cicero = ['kikero:] - or - [KEE-kay-row]
etc
consequentia = [konse'kwentia] - or -
[con-say-KWEN-tee-ah] etc
Level II :
RESPONSUM N°2 – Put the following verbs and nouns from singular to plural and
from plural to singular:
dixit - dixerunt / dixere
(alternative form)
consuli - consulibus
amareris - amaremini
esto - sunto (if esto sing.3) /
estote (if esto sing.2)
sacra publica - sacrum publicum
genus - genera (if genus, -eris, n) /
genuum (if genu, -us, n)
fungar - fungamur (if fungar coni.
praes. impf.) / fungemur (if fungar ind. fut. impf.)
